Executive Summary
This article analyzes the debate on the 'Great Divergence' between Europe and Asia, focusing on military modernization. It introduces new data from East Asian military history, arguing for a Chinese Military Revolution in the 1300s and comparing Chinese and European military technology during the Sino-Dutch War (1661-1668). The author concludes that while Asian societies underwent military modernization, Europe experienced a slight, accelerating divergence in naval and fortification technology.
Why It Matters
This document offers a nuanced historical perspective on military technological parity and divergence between East and West, challenging Eurocentric narratives and providing critical context for understanding long-term geopolitical power shifts.
Key Takeaways
- A 'Chinese Military Revolution' in the 1300s predated and influenced the European Military Revolution, suggesting a broader Eurasian context for military modernization.
- During the 1661-1668 Sino-Dutch War, Chinese forces demonstrated superior discipline and comparable musket/cannon technology, but Dutch naval power and renaissance fortifications proved significantly advantageous.
- The author concludes that a 'slight but accelerating' military divergence began in the early modern period, driven by European naval and fortification advancements, rather than a sudden, late 'Great Divergence'.
- The article highlights the importance of considering internal political structures and periods of sustained conflict as drivers of military innovation in both East Asia and Europe.
Strategic Relevance
Understanding the historical evolution of military technology and doctrine in both Eastern and Western contexts is crucial for contemporary strategic analysis, informing perspectives on technological competition, military innovation, and the long-term dynamics of global power. This analysis challenges simplistic views of Western military superiority and emphasizes the role of specific technological advantages and geopolitical conditions.